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Setting standards is always also a process of negotiation that inherently reflects hegemonic powerstructures of a time. Who gets to decide what the 'open standard' for a layer will be? Before the internet there was a plurality of computer networks and standards, from the american ARPANET to british NPL and french CYCLADES. The OSI Protocols that came with the 7-layer model, like the European standard X.25, had short life in competition with the American TCP/IP suite, related to the older DOD model.
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